Representation of kurdish women in Huck Magazine

• They are represent as strong and powerful and independent, once they going the army, while at home they have no power and are weak and need to be dependent on men. Women seem powerful, strong and independent, able to step up and take control other own lives. This is done through reinforcing and keeping on repeating their achievements, and using exaggeratives to describe them, which makes them seem even stronger and more powerful. The body language and their costume used in the images is also really effective. they are wearing  a uniform, which higlihts that they  are professionals, and they are serious and standing straight, which hilights the seriouness nature of their cause.

• it is a more modern magazine, so since the article is on women stepping up and becoming powerful by joining the army, it reflects Huck’s modern and open minded views, and it highlights how it is for a young target audience.
• I believe the audience would want to aspire to be like these women, to be strong, powerful, able to step un and protect themselves. The audience is positioned as if it was on the kurdish woman's side, as they are represented as innocent and as doing the right thing to protect themselves and their country.  it feels like we are expected to feel totally supportive of them and their causes, and take example from them and follow their paths. Bell hooks (feminism is a struggle to end sexist and patriarchal society and ideology of domination)- women are fighting for their rights, in order to be as powerful as men. they had to leave their countries and train hard in order to be accepted.
• race and class and sex determine the extent to which individuals are discriminated against or oppressed. - they were told at homee that they were going have to spend the rest of their lives in the domesticc spherre, since they were women, and that men had power over them , 

magazines social and historical contexts

write a paragraph outlingin how the representation go women in the article reflects the social and historical context on the 1960s.

women were represented as fashionable and up to date with the latest trends. this can be seen for example as it says that they had "more case than money", it also shows how women were represented as good with clothing and so expected to love them. it also shows them as weak and powerful ,as they are not expected to invest the money , but to just spend it on clothes and objects, and this portrays them as materialistic. in addition they are also represented as weak, and less powerful than men. they are seen as untrustworthy, and this can be seen by the fact that mend don't trust them to be independent or doing any affairs with the bank. this suggests that they are weaker and encourages them to stay at home in the domestic sphere.

Life on Mars

1. What are 3 genre conventions (crime drama) that are evident? List and explain any connotations. 

• conflict between the different policing techniques - this can be seen between the protagonist and the policeman of the past- it connotes that the people have changed and evolved, and now use different methods and techniques.
• props such as guns are used - this connotes violence
• there is a mystery which needs to be solved, and if it isn't it can result in the death of a young girl.

2. How does the episode demonstrate Bathe's Hermeneutic Code?

The Hermeneutic Code refers to any element of the story that is not fully explained and hence becomes a mystery to the reader. this can be seen for example as no knows who killed the lady, and the do not know what happened to the protagonist and how he finds himself trapped in the past.  3. How does the episode demonstrate stages of Todorov's theory of narratology? (equilibrium/disequilibrium)? Tzvetan Todorov's narrative theory suggests that all narratives follow a three part structure where they begin with equilibrium, where everything is balanced, progress as something comes along to disrupt that equilibrium, and finally reach a resolution, when equilibrium is restored. this can be seen as the policeman is doing his normal job, then his girlfriend is captured and finally he finds himself trapped in the past, with a very similar murdur taking place.  4. What is the main way that Life on Mars differs from other crime dramas? What is its unique selling point (USP)? the fact that the crime scene is happening in the past, but the police officer comes from the modern days. 5.Why do you think producers would have incorporated this change? (in what ways might it appeal to the target audience).   it appeals a mass target audience, because older people could relate with the things that took place in the past, but it also targets a younger audience, who would relate with the modern police man, and sympathies with him and the ways he us trying to integrate.  6.How does the program demonstrate elements of Steve Neale’s genre theory? Explain referring to the necessary theory.  Steve Neale is saying that a film and it's genre is defined by two things: How much it conforms with a genre's stereotypes and conventions. How much a film subverts the genre's stereotypes and conventions.

two step flow theory

Two step flow theory

was developed by lazersfiels and he believed that social media communicted to people by opinion leaders. these people gave their views and their understandings to others, who were influenced by them.
mass media - opinion leaders - audience
the aidience is SEMIPASSIVE. they are actually doing something, but they are still taking in what the opinion leadres are sawing

Uses and gratifications theory

Uses and gratifications theory

Uses and Gratifications theory was developed by Bulmer and Katz (1940 - 1970s) and it deals with the effect that people have on the media.  It suggests that media users play an active role in choosing and using the media and Bulmer and Katz believed that the user seeks out the media source that best fulfils their needs.
The uses and gratifications theory assumes the audience chooses what it wants to watch for five different reasons.
The audience is ACTIVE. they choose the media they want to watch

It assumes that the audience is not passive, but takes an active role in integrating media in their own lives.

Media is used from 5 different reasons:

1. Identify - we look up to characheters or people on television. we learn from them and mimc their behaviours (some traits of them we can take and integrate in our own identity)
2. Be informed or educated  - through news or documentaries
3. Be entertained - can make us laugh cry, or think deeply
4. Social interaction and integration - people take the programs they see and talk about them later. the is the idea of imagine community
5. For escapism - the feeling of escaping in someone elses' life or be someone else for as long as you watch the program

criticism: people suggest that we get all our needs from television, and we can become depended from television.

Reception theory

Reception Theory

Developed by Stuart Hall, it suggests that media texts are encoded (be the creators) and then decoded ( by the audience). They can do this in 3 different ways:
- Dominant (Intened reading by the media creators - audience and media producers share same ideas )
-Negotiated (you understand the meaning and the connotations of the message of the producer, but you adapt them to fit them to your own beliefs)
-Oppositional ( the audience rejects the producer's message despite understanding its connotations)

the way the audience reacts depends on their cultural background, income or social class .
The audience is active as they can react in different ways

Cultivation theory

Cultivation Theory 

was developed by George Gerbner and argued that television has gradual long term effects. they argue that these changes are not actually changes, but just reinforce the norms. People who watch more television are more likely to be influenced. This happens over time and with lotsof television viewing. it reinforces a person's opinion, rather than changes it.
Gerbner called this effect ‘mainstreaming’. Cultivation theorists distinguish between ‘first order’ effects (general beliefs about the everyday world, such as about the prevalence of violence) and ‘second order’ effects (specific attitudes, such as to law and order or to personal safety). There is also a distinction between two groups of television viewers: the heavy viewers and the light viewers. The focus is on ‘heavy viewers’. People who watch a lot of television are likely to be more influenced by the ways in which the world is framed by television programs than are individuals who watch less, especially regarding topics of which the viewer has little first-hand experience. Light viewers may have more sources of information than heavy viewers.
this theory does not take into account a persons' experience or personal background.
The audience is PASSIVE.

Mean world syndrome
television violence influenced the public's conceptions of violence in their lives and in society, making them more fearful. it is the belief that the world is more violent and brutal and dangerous than it really is.

those who absorb more media are the ones most influences. television and media cultivate the status quo, they do not challenge it.

Hypodermic needle theory

Hypodermic needle theory

It suggests that the media sends messages into the audiences’ head. it influences them and changes their opinion. it was developed by theorists during ww1 by the frankfurt school.
 They are passive so they are immediately influenced by it. This can be done through radio, television, advertising and magazines. Mass media could influence a mass group of people, depending on their aim.
It suggests that media messages are injected directly into the brains of passive audiences.
In this theory the media is seen as powerful and able to ‘inject’ ideas into an audience who are seen as weak and passive and could be influenced by a message. In Nazi Germany in the 1930s and during World War 2 films were used to ‘inject’ propaganda ideas promoting the Nazi cause to the German audience.
The Hypodermic theory comes from a fear of the mass media, and gives the media much more power than it can ever have in a democracy. The concept ignores the idea that not everyone in an audience behaves in the same way.

Audience theories

Audience

 Audience are the people who consume a media product and they are important to make profit.
The target audience is the main audience
Secondary audience is the second most important asit has less demand for a media product.
Mainstream = targeting a  wide target audience
Niche= targeting a small group of people
corssover audience = when the media product can appeal people outside their main target audience.
Pshycographics devises Audiences by their gender, ethnicity, age, nationality and social group.
Mainstreamers-  seek security
Aspires -seek status
Succeders- seek control
Resigned- seek survival
Explorers- seek discovery
Strugglers – seek escape
Reformers- seek enlightenment
Fragmented audience= dividing audiences into smaller groups.

Representation of ethnicity - introduction to colonialism

 Mandatory theory:

WHAT IS COLONIALISM?

Colonialism is an extension of a nations’ rule over territory beyond its borders, which means a population [country] is subjected to the political domination of another population [country].

• In other words, colonialism is the building and maintaining of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. It is about the dominance of a strong nation over another weaker one. 

Task 

Match the following countries to the correct empire 

The basic assumptions in defense of colonial actions are:

• The colonized are savages in need of education and rehabilitation 
• The culture of the colonized is not up to the standard of the colonizer 
• The colonized nation is unable to manage and run itself properly, and thus it needs the wisdom and expertise of the colonizer. 
• The colonized nation embraces a set of religious beliefs incompatible with those of the colonizer 
• The colonized people pose dangerous threat to themselves and to the civilized world if left alone 

White Man’s Burden

The white man’s burden is the supposed duty and obligation of White people to “civilize” non-white and non-European people who were regarded as backwards through education and Western culture supported by through colonialism.

The Effect of Colonialism = Othering

The process of Othering creating negative identities, often in binary opposition to western ideals... 

• Savage 
• God-less 
• Stupid 
• Cultural lacking 
• No technology 
• Sexually easy 
• Exotic

Provide the potential binary opposition for the following:

Challenge 

   Which advert do you think is the most offensive? Justify your answer with examples from the text and relate it to the social context. 

I believe that the advert in the middle is the most offensive one as it shows young children who are having a bath together. This highlight how children, who are usually associated with innocence, were thought to be dirty and with fault even from very young. In addition, we see the young girl bathing the black boy and this suggest that white people should take the responsibility to make the nonwhite better, cleaner. This highlights the fact that the western society was thought to be superior and better, and it reinforces Paul Gilroy’s theory that civilizations constructs racial hierarchies and sets up binary oppositions based on notions of otherness. It shows how discrimination was caused between the different raced, and this was largely influenced by the media. In addition, we see that after the boy has bathed he becomes white in the body, but still remains dracker in the face. This could suggest that white people can make nonwhite ones better, but they will never be able to complete “clean” them, and make them like they are. 

Representation of the third world

In the Band Aid - do they know it's christmas the third world is represented as a poor and needing community. The lyrics say: "do they know it's christmas?" suggesting they are living in a different world from ours, and they are in such poor and in harsh conditions they don't even realize it is Christmas. we can see close up shots of them suffering and this enhances the fact they are poor and living in human conditions. this point is further reinforced through the bird's eye view shot used, which shows the african people climbing down through wells in order to reach water to be able do drink and survive. this connotes that they are living in unbearable conditions, and it highlights to the audience how lucky they are compared to the people living in Africa. in addition the costume is really effective. they are wearing ripped clothes, which are dirty and look oversized or too small. this suggests that they don't have a clean shower or clean clothes to change in to. it highlights their poverty and makes the audience feel pity and sympathetic towards them. in addition the long take and establishing shot of the Africa male is very effective as it shows his body. he is really skinny and this suggests that he has been deprived of food and the most of the basic need that today we  give for granted. this is also seen the then Unicef 2017 advert. the shot reverse shot of the children in western society and the children living in Africa is effective as it shows the difference. it highlights to the audience how fortunate young children in today's world are, and it enhances the poverty of the children of the third world. it tells the audience how they are suffering and in need of help to grow and survive. it connotes that hey should stop spending money on irrelevant things and objects which they do not necessarily need, but they can use s little bit of money to help a child survive and become educated. the behind the shoulder shot of the children in Africa playing and dancing in a circle is effective as it shows that they also can be happy. it highlights that they are in need, but with a small donation people can help them live a positive and thoughtless childhood, without risking to die every day because they don't have enough food or water.

Tide Assessment feedback

a1 -this can be seen in gauntlet's theory as he believed that

Historical and social Context - Key terms

What women's monthly magazines are more aspirational than weekly magazines?

It means that the monthly magazines contain articles and images which women see as what they should aspire to be and look like. They contain aspirational figures, and expensive products that women should aspire to own and purchase. on the other hand weekly magazines contain the latest news and articles which tend to inform the audience on the latest news and are more downmarket.

Aspirational magazine = features models which the audience should aspire to be like.
monthly ones have more money as they are only published once a month, so they can afford better photoshoot and better quality. they suggest to the audience they should aspire to be lavish and expensive.
Editorial philosophy: W hat ensures that a publication feels whole and complete when consumed by readers. 

• Write to their desired audience (personas)

• Maintain the style and approach consistent with other articles/content (voice)

• Write in alignment with the angle the publication wishes to communicate (point-of-view)

If you write for a professional publication you will be exposed to their editorial philosophy to ensure that  you:

Psychographic: Devides the market into groups based on their social class,lifestyle, personality and characteristics. it is based on the assumption that types of products and brands an individual purchases will reflect that persons characteristics and patterns of living.
subgenera:

Socialisation:

Social, Cultural and Historical Context

Historical context

Rise of consumerism

this happened between the 1950s and 1960s, as the war made women's magazines enter a new era. they evolved from featuring articles about homecoming, cooking  and cleaning, to articles regarding shopping and spending money, and having a luxurious lifestyle.

1960s sexual revolution

the contraceptive pill was introduced and the Married Women's Property Act was established, which allowed women to gain a greater degree of financial independence. these changes allowed women to start to be more independent and not relay on men all the time for money and knowledge.

1960s Cultural revolution

In these years now trends started to develop in music, fashion and films. Britain was at the centre at this cultural revolution and closely experienced al these changes.

Differences Between Women's Realm and Huck Magazine

• Huck's target audience are young people from all over the world and it is gender neutral(eg. cultish women fighters. fighting appeals to men but the fact that the fighters are women appeals to women), while woman realm is mainly targeted at women.
• The activities talked about in Hucks are usually man related ( snowboarding and skating) , while in Woman realm the articles are focused on women's interests like fashion and house caring. 
• Huck has an online version, Women's Realm didn't, but it only sold hard copies.
• Woman's Realm has closed down as it had little views and it was forced to merge with women's weekly. it was successful for over 40 years but the the articles stopped interesting its audience, Huck on the other hand is growing and emerging, attracting people with articles and news from all around the world.
• Articles in Woman Realm had commercial purpose and it featured adverts on different beauty products, as articles on the while Huck has less commercial purpose, and the articles are on new original stories. it does so=how some adverts, but they are selected ones.
• Woman Realm concentrates in knitting, housekeeping, while huck's articles are on skating, surfing and travelling.

Huck Magazine Research

• Huck is a bi-monthly magazine, website and online video channel. 
• It was first published in 2006. 
• It is an independent magazine, inspired by radical youth culture .
• It has been recognized for its style of exploring subcultures as "entry points for articles about music, politics and places all over the world." 
• It is published by London-based media company TCOLondon.

Woman's Relam Research

• Woman's Realm was a British weekly women's magazine first published in 1958.
• It closed in 2001, after 43 years of publication.
• They only had 15200 annual sales annually, Woman's Realm's content no longer reflected the financially independent lives of its target readership. Women today still associated the magazine with knitting, even though they haven't carried those patterns for six years.
• Articles on cooking, sowing, knitting, lifestyle, cooking and homemaking were featured.
• It was merged with women weekly
• Does not exist anymore

ALL DIFFERENT THEORIES

HALL, GAUNTLETT, VAN OONEN, HOOKS, BEAUVOIR, FRIEDAN, TUCHMAN THEORIES.

committed : left out

trivialised - made less important

condemned : empisizes they are doomed 

Context 1940s-1950s

Compare and contrast the Tide advert with one the following.

1940s adverts functioned as propaganda- they where trying to recruit people into doing work and getting a job. Both adverts are encouraging women to go into the public sphere, get out of their house. the slogan "turns out you girls ..." is saying women can use their talents for something worthwhile. it is trivialising housework and things that women do at home.They are trying to empower women, saying that they are going to win the war, and they are going to be a fundamental part of the countries success. women are encouraged to be part of the community

the 1950s advert (tide advert) is to promote the idea of smectic fear. it tells women to go back to the house. it shows the joy to be at home and be the homemake, looking after the home, the family and her husband. 

1950s is the end of the war and they are encouraging women to go back home as men have returned. in addition they were promoting materialism and consumerism. they are promoting capitalism - (you provide me a product - service and i buy it). At the time the products mostly directed at women were domestic products ( hoovers, washing machine) and they were sold to women as they would help them become better housewives. make their domestic life easier.
These domestic consumer products were a symbol of wealth and women were aspiring to purchase and own them , they were the american dream, as who owned them was rich and wealthy. 

In the tide advert women are encouraged to stay at home and to do the cleaning up. The woman is smiling, suggesting she should be happy to look after the house and being in the domestic environment.

In the other advert the woman is shown to be working in a factory, and her facial expression shows her smiling. this suggest that in 1940s women were encouraged to go out and look for a job. the fact that she is smiling highlights how women should be happy to go out and earn their own income.
the exclamative "the soldiers need our help" highlights how in 1950 women were seen as important and valuable. it suggests that men were not able to keep going without the help of women. in the tide advert women are also seen as important, but to be in the domestic environment and they should not help men, but care for them and make them happy.

The first advert is a propaganda to get women out the house and work, while the tide advert is encouraging women to stay at home and clean.

In the 1940 advertising was used as a way of calling women into the factories and work, and women started to get out and challenge the way they were represented in the media. They were pulled into the factories in the absence of men, but once the war finished they all got fired.  So to get some of their jobs back they used television. this caused capitalism, as women were seeing using objects on tv, so the women at home wantd to buy them as well - form of advertising. 

In the tide advert they wanted to promote capitalism and they encouraged women to live the lavish american lyfestily, spending money and being always clean and appealing.

MISS REPRESENTATION documentary questions

• How are women portrayed in the media? Are there differences between the different media platforms? Make reference to the following media platforms TV (news and reality TV) and film

• How are men represented in the media?

• What role did the media play after WW2?

1- Women in the media are objectified and portrayed as objects . They are hugely sexualised, and their bodies are altered using photoshop in order to make them seem more appealing to men. This leads to them being disempowered and being considered the less important in both their cultural and social life. It is done in adverts, but also magazines, tv shows and movies (particularly hollywood movies). In addition stills of women found in media are mainly of white , young heterosexual and underweight  women, and this can lead to young girls developing eating disorders and depression. Reality television portrays women as catty, manipulative, vindictive and on display for male judgement and objectification. They show how women and girls' values lie in their youth , beauty and sexuality, not in their capacity of being leaders.

2- Men are not taught to express themselves in a healthy way. They are represented as dangerous, strong and aggressive. They are expected to be muscular and have physical prowess. They are represented as the dominant character , more intelligent and capable, with the most leadership skills. Through media and advertising boys get the message that they should be violent, in control, unemotional and that women should be treated like objects and second class citizens 

3- After ww2 women started to get out and challenge the way they were represented in the media. Men still held the positions of privilege and .  Women were pulled into the factories in the absence of men, but once the war finished they all got fired.  So to get some of their jobs back they used television. this caused capitalism, as women were seeing using objects on tv, so the women at home wantd to buy them as well - form of advertising. 

This Girl Can homewrok analysis - applying theories

 Choose one of the following stills

Discuss how the use of voiceover helps to create meaning

 

it enhances their power and makes them seem more strong. It enhances their determination and  shows how they can do anythingthey want because they are girls.

In what ways could you argue that this shot challenges van Zoonen’s notion of objectification because of the meanings created by the use of sound, mise-en-scene and camerawork

Costume – she is wearing tight clothing which enhance her figure. They highlight the wide shape of the lady’s lower back which is stereotypically thought to be be appealing to men. 

In addition the close up shot of the woman’s lower back is used and this higlights how women’a bodies are usualy seen as objects in the media. This supports  Van Zoonen’s theory that women in western society tend to be objectified.

What is the most effective media language technique used at this moment? How is this woman represented and how can it be linked to hooks and Gauntlett’s theory?

The establishing wide angle shot is used in this still, and it is effective as it clearly shows how the woman has a missing leg but she is still running. This connotes that women are strong and if they are determined and they  work hard they can be successful, no matter what challenges they face.  This can be seen to support hook’s theory that feminism is not a lifestyle choice but a political commitment. Women need to be strong and face challenges, but if they  work hard they can overcome obstacles.

Choose one of the following stills

What editing technique is used during this moment? What connotations does it create? What is the significance of the sports selected? How could you link it to Hall’s theory?

Still number 2 shows 2 girls tackling each other during a rugby math. The  fast paced editing and cross cutting highlights  the women’s power and capacity in the sport. It shows how women can be successful and very skilled in practicing sports. The girls are playing rugbey, which is usualy a sport associated with men. The fact that  they are skilled and can efficiently play can be seen as  supporting hall’s theory  that stereotyping tends to occur where there are inequalities of power.  In this video men are not represented, so there is no stereotyping and women ae able to do anything they want and are successful in everything.

Choose one of the following stills

To what extent does the still challenge stereotypes? How could you link it to the different waves of feminism and theories like van Zoonen and Butler.

 

Still number 2 shows some women holding a baby. This is important as it potrays women as mothery and this is because stereotypically women are expected to look after and take care of children.

On the other hand the wide angle shot shows us that  they are in a jym and are doing exercide. This can challenge Van Zoonen’s theory , as he argued  that men bodies were the ones which were seen as strong and important, but in this still it is the women who are powerful and excercising. In addition they are at a gym, which is a place stereotypically associated with men. This highlight how  women can be strong and powerful and challenge what is expected from them by society.

Butler believe that we construct our own gender through our lives, so if we refuse to perform our gender script, then gender will stop existing. This can be seen as women are chalanging what they are exoected to be doing by society by goingto the gym. On the other hand they are still looking after the children, so to a certain extent they are still performing their gender script.

What technique has been used in the following still and what does it suggest about womanhood?

 

Bird’s eye view shot is used, and it makes all women seem uited and together. Is suggests women should all  stand together and be strong,  as if they all stick together they will be able to overcome challenges  and be successful. It will make them more powerful and confident.

Gauntlet's web 2.0

Gauntlett - Collective Identity theory

There is satisfaction in belonging to a group, which can seem empowering and more important than an audience's own singular identity.

 - Any user can contribute and produce media - previously large corporations and media producers told audiences what they could watch and when. This is possible as media is now more accessible, cheaper and easier to produce
he believed that people now have a rout to self express and therefore a stronger sense of participation in the world through making and exchanging online.
- Media can be a place where people can converse, exchange information and transform
- You can build your own sense of identity through everyday creative practice.

Through consuming some media forms, individuals can gain a sense of belonging and an identity that transcends the individual.

collective identity: The individual's sense of belonging to a group.

Giddens: The self is not something we are born with, and it is not fixed. it is constructed by the individual and we all choose lifestyle.

To what extent does the cover of this magazine demonstrate Gauntlett’s ‘Collective Identity’ Grauntlett believed that the media provides audiences with resources to allow them to construct their identities.  in this front cover we see niki minj represented as a strong, fierce and powerful woman. this is done through the use of clothing and colour. the black leather jacket is really effective as it represents danger and makes her look strong. this suggests women should be powerful ,and never be scared of anything. the fact that she is the main image can give a sense of belonging to the audience as they can all be fans on niki minaj and through the magazine they may be able to sense of belonging with other individuals similar to them.
on the other hand she is also seen as sexualised. the clothing she is wearing is really revealing, as we can see some of her chest coming out from the black leather jacket. this can suggest women should be  objectified by men. in addition she is also wearing tight clothing, as she has leggings on, and this highlight her figure. this is effective as it shows the audience that women should have he perfect body to appeal men. it suggests that to be beautiful women should have wide hips and a prosperous breath.  he clothing can be seen as giving aa sense of belonging to the audience as it can bring them together in regards of their interests in the fashion industry. her facial expression is also really effective as he is looking straight at the camera. this suggest how women should be confident and never give up. she is wearing really light make up, which is effetive as it can give viewers a sense of belonging, strengtheing their ideas related to the beauty industry.

Niki Minaj Representation theory homework

Answer the representation theory questions based on the cover below

1. Niki Minaj is being represented
2. She is represented as strong, confident and dangerous through the use of costume and colour - black leather jacket and black trousers. She also looks determined through her facial expression. She is looking straight ahead, and adressing the reader directly. The low camera angle is used which enhances her power an makes her seem more important. She is also represented as sexualised as a lot of her body is shown through her clothes. She is represented as sexy, alluding and attractive. this is done through her facial expression (mouth slightly opened- makes her lips seem fuller).
   she is also represented as confident - her stance with her hand on her thigh connotes she is not afraid of being exposed and she is comfortable with her appearance - self assured.
   she is presented as rebellious and stylish - through the use of costume - black leather jacket. 
3. This magazine is a lifestyle magazine and we can tell this by the coverlines. 
4. The use of coverlines, which tell the audience that the main image is her true self, and she is trying to show the world who she really is. The anchorage of the story connotes that Minaj is being "exposed", that we as an audience are seeing a side of her that goes beyond the superficial way she is usually associated with in the media. 
   The use of direct dress has connotations of truthfulness.The use of costume - it is not overly elaborate suggesting the the personality of Minaj will be the focus of the article, and not her physical appearance. 
5. The main focus areas are the main image and the headline. the main image is shown as important as it takes up most of the front cover. The head line stands out from the rest of the information as it is in larger text and in bright yellow, so it will stand out to the audience as more important. Things like the date of issue and some sidelines are seen as less important as they are written in small font, and in white, which is a colour which tends to blend in with the background more that yellow. In addition they are placed at the sides or at the angles.  One main focus is Minaj's body, and stories about fashion and beauty. what is being foregrounded is the artist's appearance, and the nature of the interview being an "inside look" at the artist without the falsities of commercial media. 
6. One notable absence can be the fact that there is no price and bar code. The magazine does not focus on Minaj's music ability, thesis because they are a fashion magazine and so they want to focus on beauty and fashion rather than music. In addition the target audience for Elle is older the the audience who listens to Minaj's audience .
7. The fashion industries - this is the depiction of Minaj that she would appeal to the audience's interested more in fashion than in Minaj's music
   The Elle target audience - typically an older and more sophisticated audience than Minaj's musical audience.
8. It reflects the interests of teenage girls who love fashion and being up to date with the most recent trends. They also love beauty and hair products. It also targets Niki Minaj's fans. I can tell this by the sidelines and cover l.
9. Age is between 18 -28
   Ethnicity : caucasian and african american women 
   Secondary audience : niki Mina's fans
10. This representation is targeted at teenage and young adults, female.
11. I believe it suggests women should always try to be theirselves and not try to hide behind a wig or costumes.
12. To others it may mean that women should be objectified as she has some skin showing, and is wearing tight clothing which enhance her figure and body. 
13. The clothing she is waring - black leather jacket - makes her seem dangerous. The Medium shot -shows her whole body.  The facial expression -looking straight at the camera - make her seem strong and confident. The cover lines - say how she is "unzipped" - suggests women shuld be themselves. The low angle shot - makes her seem powerful and important.  It is the women's appearance's or body which is the most significant part of them.
    Can be seen as fitting with Minaj's risqué persona
    She is confident with her body and knows that a cover like this would increase her number of fans.