Feminism Research

Feminism research

All feminist theories start from the perspective that gender identity is significant.

society is based "patriarchy" ( men dominate)which facilitates male dominance. this domination is based on ideological and coercive forms of social control.

the aim is to highlight social injustice against women, and try to challenge and change this.

The first wave (1830’s – early 1900’s): Women’s fight for equal contract and property rights

Women in the late 19th to early 20th centuries, realised that they must first gain political power, including the right to vote, to bring about change. Their political agenda included issues concerning sexual, reproductive and economic matters and they believed that women have the potential to contribute just as much if not more than men.They were confined to the domestic sphere and denied the right to own their own property, to study to participate to public life. They wanted women to have the right to vote.

The results of these activities include the 1970 Equal Pay Act and 1969 Divorce Reform Act

The second wave (1960’s-1980’s): Broadening the debate

The second wave of feminism focused on the workplace, sexuality, family and reproductive rights.

This time is often dismissed as offensive, outdated and obsessed with middle class white women’s problems. Many groups were fighting for equality and women felt their voices were not being heard and that in order to gain respect they first needed to address gender equality concerns.

Women wanted to strengthen their voices fighting for gender equality to ensure they would be heard.

Focused on the struggle for equal pay, equal rights at work and equal representation in political bodies as well as liberation from male oppression.Issues such as abortion, rape, domestic violence and child care were concerns of second wave feminists. They are increasingly questioning the way women are represented in the media.

The third wave (1990’s – present): The “micropolitics” of gender equality

Today there are different types of feminists like the ego-cultural feminists, the radicals, the liberal/reforms, the electoral, academic, ecofeminists…  Women are still working to vanquish the disparities in male and female pay and the reproductive rights of women. they want to end violence against women and are fighting for acceptance and a true understanding of the term ‘feminism,’ 

Third-wave feminism challenges the second wave's "essentialist" definitions of femininity. Instead they argue there are a variety of femininities. They believe that the 2nd wave was over empathising the experience of upper middle class women. they also star using sex and its relationship as power.

Post feminism

Post-feminism began in the early 1980’s, when journalists and academics began proclaiming that feminism was dead. The basic idea behind the movement is that feminism has achieved its goals and now it was time to distance ourselves from the movement.

Post-feminism has been positioned as everything from a reclaiming of traditional gender roles, an overt attempt to use the language of oppression to subvert feminism, to a way of depoliticising feminism in order to bring it to the home 

The movement arose out of a backlash against feminism. This backlash is often ascribed to the specialisation and splintering of feminism, which is seen by many post-feminists as one of the root causes for feminism’s decline.

Magazines glossary

Key terms:

Brand identity: A company's brand identity is the way the company wants to be seen and perceived by its customers. A brand identity includes a name, logo, tone, tagline and typeface and they reflect the value the company is trying to bring to the market and to appeal to its customers.

Aspirational magazine: A magazine which contains content which the audience wishes to own , but they can't because of economic reasons. An aspirational product implies certain positive characteristics to the user, but the supply appears limited due to limited production quantities. Many fashion aspirational magazines have and aspirational model, who the audience will aspire to look like. this can be seen for example in Vogue or Esquire

Magazine Industry introduction summery

Task: Read the three sources below and briefly summarise:

-  The key changes that have taken place in the industry in recent years
-  The current state of the industry 

Source 1 - Huffington Post

The first magazines were first published in the 20th century and they included National geographic, Bazaar and good house keeping. Then female culture started to become popular as female-targeted magazines started to be printed. In the 30s aspirational magazines started to come out, followed by magazines targeted for a niche audience in the 40s and 50s. entertainment- focused and celebrity magazines then started to be developed. from 1990 to 2000 digital revolution started, and subscriptions to many magazines like Glamour and Parents has increased.

Source 2 - Data from the National readership survey

consumption of magazines in Britain is really high, as 51 million people read them regularly either in print or digitally. 57% of adults read print magazine and 40% read brand magazines from their digital device.

Extract from the Inside Magazine Publishing by David Stam and Andrew Scott.

The Uk magazine market is one of the major media sectors at the moment. in 2012 the annual value of the magazine industry was of £3.55 billions, and there are around 2400 consumer magazines

Steve Nale's genre theory

Steve Nale - Genre theory

Neale stated that ‘genres are instances of repetition and difference’. 

Discuss what this statement means in relation to the duel scene from The Magnificent 7, directed by Antoine Fuqua? Use specific  evidence from the scene to support your ideas.

With this statement Nale wanted to explain how it is important for films to be classified into different genres based on their characteristics. They are repetitive as each genre has some props or scenes which are found in each genre. for example in the a western movie we would expect it to take place in the middle of the desert, and we can see this for example in Magnificent 7, where the fight between the 2 cowboys happens in a very dry land in the middle of nowhere.
This is important as it gives the audience a sense of familiarity and they know what to expect in accretin movie. for example by knowing that Magnificent 7 is a western film, an audience would expect to find cowboys in it , dressed with baggy clothing all covered in dust and holding guns. This can be shown in the extract as the characters are all wearing white shirts and light brown trousers, typical of cowboys, with a hat and boots. they all have special belts where they hold their guns.An audience in a western film would expect to find violence, and in Magnificent 7 we can see this for example as there is a duel and fight sequence between the 2 cowboys in the ring, and the people watching take bets on who would be the winner. Finally an audience watching a western movie would expect it to have a clear protagonist and antagonist. The plot always has a character who has a mission and needs save someone or something. In Magnificent 7 we can clearly see that the skilled protagonist is the man who easily kills the other cowboy as soon as the gun shoots, which higights his skilfulness and abilities.
on the other hand in order to keep the audience engaged a director needs to make each scene a bit different. in this way he makes sure that the audience does not get bored while watching the scene, and is surprised by some events which take place, as they did not expect them. For example in a western movies people would expect all characters to be white american males. this is in contrast with Magnificent 7, where we can see that one of the main characters, possibly the protagonist of the film is a man from an asian background. this is effective as it helps keep the audience engaged, and creates a sense of surprise, as the man is not the usual protagonist that an audience would expect to fin in a normal western movie. Furthermore in a western movie people would expect to see many guns, and they would believe that each cowboy used a gun or a rope as their main weapon. In magnificent 7 this is challenged as we see that before starting his fight the protagonist takes all his guns off, and putts on the ground the belt containing all his shooting weapons, remaining with just  a knife. he is then able to kill the cowboy standing in front of him without any difficulties. this is effective as it will add excitement to the scene and make the audience feel more engaged with the movie.

EXTENSION – suggest how Fuqua manipulating genre conventions in this way may have maximised appeal to audiences.

the fact that different genre conventions have been mixed is really effective as it brings together different types of audiences. It makes a movie targeted to a mass audience, instead of a niche, as many different interest are bought together in one movie. 

Spheres of action film analysis

Research a film and identify the seven "spheres of action"

For each character write a brief summary (50 words) that explains what makes them fit this role. 

Kinsman - The golden circe

Hero -  Eggsy is the hero of this movie as he is seen to save the world.  He is the protagonist of this movie and he is the most skilled and able character. He is brave and resorceful and we can see this for example as he fights against Charles on Poppy's island, and wins against him. He is resourceful as he is able to take control of Charles's arm with the use of just his watch. He is the hero as he has a quest to resolve, and we can see this as he leaves and goes to Kentucky, where he finds help to then go and find a cure, in Italy and then on poppy's island to find the solution that will save the lives of many people.

Villain - Poppy is the villain of this movie as she is a global drug dealer who is hiding on a deserted island. All she cares about is money and fame, and we can see this as she is shown to complain to Charles how she would like to be famous and known by everyone. she is the antagonist as she creates a drug which can kill people in a short time length and she is the only one who has the cure. She is shown to be maleficent and willing to kill innocent people and we can see this for example as she has no regrets in putting a man in a meat mincer and making an hamburger out of his meat.

Princess - Princess Tilde, who is also Eggsy's girlfriend. The whole world needs to be saved by the hero, but i believe that she is the princess in this movie as when she gets infected by the drug Eggsy becomes more determined in finding a way to get the cure. Once he finds out that his girlfriend is in the last stage before she is about to die, he gets on a plane to Poppy's island so that he can save Tilde and be able to propose and then marry her. She is the reason why he is so determined in getting the cure and not failing this mission. Eggs feels like this mission is really important to him because he wants to save his wife, and he is shown to be sad when he believes that he will not be able to get hold of the cure.

Donor - Merlin. He provides Eggsy with all the guns and equipment he needs during the battle. Merlin is also seen as the helper as he stays behind the screen while the hero is on the mission, helping him by telling him where to go or by creating traps for the villain. For example when Eggsy is trying to escape from Charles in Italy, Merlin takes control of the doors and shuts them so that Eggsy can run away without Charles reaching him. This gives Harry and the protagonist the chance to escape and survive from a really difficult situation.

Helper - Harry heart helps the hero throughout the quest by fighting at his side. We can see this for example on Poppy's island and in the ski resort in Italy where he fights side to side with eggsy and helps him get the password that will send the cure out to everyone in the world. He is shown to be as brave as the hero, but a bit more weaker, as he is older and has just suffered from amnesia.

False helper - Whiskey is the false helper as he pretends to help Eggsy throughout his mission, but at the end, once they have finally got the password so that they can deliver the cure, he turns against the hero and his helper. He fights first side to side with the protagonist, earning his trust and pretending to be on his same team, but then he turnes against Eggsy and Harry as he does not want the cure to be given out. Whiskey believed everyone who took drugs should die in revenge of his late wife and son who were killed many years ago by some people who were on drugs. He believed everyone who was taking recreational drugs or not should not have the right to live, but he was pretending to be on Eggsy's team to earn his trust and then be able to sabotage him and make sure he did not deliver the cure. 

Side kick - Ginger, who works side by side with Merlin. She helps the hero by finding clues on the villain, but she always stays behind the screen and doesn't have a big role in the movie. She is the one who saves harry after he was shot by valentine, and she also saved agent whiskey after he was shot in the head by Harry who suspected him from the beginning, before she found out Whiskey was not of the same views as the rest of the team, and he was trying to sabotage their mission.
Dispatcher - Champagne, who is the head of the American spy organisation, and he sets Eggsy on a quest, with Harry and Whiskey in order to stop poppy from spreading the drugs, and he gives them the mission of saving the world by bringing back a sample of the cure, or by giving out the cure to the whole world by finding the password that would deliver it to everyone through special drones.

127 hours editing techniques

Editing techniques used in 127 hours trailer

In this trailer, the split screen technique used is really effective. We can see it for example as it is used at the beguinning of the trailer. On one side of the screen the protagonist of 127 hours is shown peeling an orange, and on the other there is a quick shot of Aron Larston filling up his water bottle. This is effective as it speeds up the scene and it makes him look like an able and multitasking man. It gives the impression that he is packing his bag quickly, which connote that he is skilled and used to packing for a long hike. It highlights that he is an experienced hiker, always ready for a new adventure.

The Action match editing technique  is also used throughout this clip and we can see it for example when he is riding his bike in the middle of the desert. He is doing jumps and stunts on his mountain bike which conveys he is very out going and adventurous. He is portrayed as an active perdon, who enjoyes spending time outside and challenging himself. He does not give up as he is seen to fall off his bike many times while trying out new jumps, but he always gets back up and keeps going.

Furthermore superimpose is used in the trailer of 127 hours. For instance when the protagonist is talking to the camera. He is vlogging his trip in the desert and documenting how he is in canyon land, USA and he just woke up at 7 in the morning. The  supreimpose technique used in the top right corner of the screen highlights this and gives the audience the impression that he is filming himself talking to a camera. It also reinforces the time and location to the audience, making them aware of where he is and the time this specific scene is taking place.

The following scene opens up with a montage clip. This is created in order to emphasise  Aron's activeness, as he is seen falling down from his bike in the middle of the desert, getting badly hurt on his arm and then getting back up and riding his way through canyon land again, as if he had never fell  down. It is effective as it highlights his determination, but it also shows he is an adventurous and outgoing man, who likes being in the wilderness.

Mona Lisa worksheet

Using this still, write a more specific description of George

George is fast speed walking across the bridge. He is wearing formal clothes, a brown suit, with a blue shirt. He is carrying a brown, big pack under his arm. He has a straight, focused face. He is walking outside a city, at night. The sky is cloudy and it is dark outside, and the sun is about to rise.

What is the significance of George walking across the bridge at the start of the film? What does it suggest about the character?

George speed walking across the bridge suggests that he has something important he needs to attend to and he does not want to turn up late for it. The fact that he has woken up before sunrise suggests that the place he needs to get to is far away, and he is going to have to go through a long journey to get where he needs to be. The fact the he is wearing formal clothing connotes that he needs to make a good impression on someone, or that the place where he is headed to has a great importance for him. The pack which he is carrying under his arm might connote that he is going to deliver an important package, and the fact that he is carrying it under his arm suggests that the things in the packet are of an important value to him and he is really protective about them.

Pick out at least two effective media language techniques that has been used in this scene and what impact does it have on the characterisation of George.

Low key lighting is used in this scene. George is backlit from the sun, which has just risen. This is effective as creates a tone of sadness and unhappiness. It suggests that George is a lonely and solitary character with little or no friends. It gives the impression that he is depressed, or a dark character who needs to be comforted and helped by others.

The

How is the neighbourhood portrayed in the following scene?

in this scene the neighbourhood is represented as a happy and calm place, family friendly and light hearted. This is done through the use of high key lighting and bright colours, which create a positive and upbeat mood. The make the neighbourhood look like a nice place where to live. The fact that the sky is blue further reinforces this, as it is usually associated with happiness.

The use of a low angle long shot is really effective as it highlights how quiet the neighbourhood is. No people a part from George enter the little green shop, and this connotes that not many people live in this neighbourhood. It shows that it is a nice and peaceful place to stay and live. The houses are the typical English houses, and this suggests that the movie is going to take place in England.

Think of synonyms for this word in order to help describe the relationship between George and his daughter

separation

removal

split

disaffection

disunity

How does George’s initial interaction indicate George’s estrangement with his daughter? What media language technique is the most effective in constructing this perception?

The shot reverse shot used in this scene is really effective. it shows how George reacts when he sees his daughter and how she reacts when she sees her father. The fact the George just stares at her, without saying anything connotes that he feels awkward and does not know what to say. It shows his shock in seeing her daughter, and this suggests that he hasn’t seen her for a really long time. On the other hand she just looks annoyed and this suggests that she does not think of him as someone important and this highlights their disunity and separation from her young age.

The diagetic sound is also really effective. the use of dialogue from the young girl “yeah? Should I call mum?” connotes that she does not know who the man standing in from of her is and highlights how she has never met her father, but they have been separated from when she was young without ever building a relationship.

Discuss the importance of positioning in this still

This is a behind the shoulder shot, and it is really effective. It allows the audience to see that George is reaching out towards his daughter, and this suggests that what he wants to do is go towards her. It allows the audience to understand that he wants to try and build a relationship with her, and he is trying to find a way to connect with his daughter.

This shot is also a close up shot, and it is effective as it allows the audience to clearly see the facial expression of George’s ex-wife. We can clearly see the anger in her face, and this allows the audience to understand that she does not want her daughter to have anything to do with George and that she is against the idea of George building a relationship with the young girl. The fact that she is standing in between her daughter and George connotes that she will do anything in order for them not to get to know each other and build a relationship. She is standing in front of her daughter, and this suggests that she is a really protective mother, who loves her daughter and would do anything for her.

In this shot we also see they young girl in the background. The shocked face shows the audience that she does not know what is happening or what is going on. It also highlights how she has no idea of who George is, but she is slowly starting to understand that he is her father.

Why did he throw a bin? What does a bin symbolise and how can we relate it back to his interaction with his family?

The act of throwing a bin shows his anger and disappointment in the fact that he was not able to speak to his daughter. A bin is usually thought as something negative and disgusting, and this might suggest that he had never had a positive interaction with his family. It can symbolise that they have never had a nice and positive relationship, and they were never a united and loving family. It highlights how he feel disgusting and unwanted, just like a bin, and this will make the audience feel sympathetic towards him.

Using this still, discuss the difference between George and the residents

In this image, George is wearing a formal light brown suit, while the rest of the residents are wearing baggy jeans and bomber jackets. This makes him look like an outcast compared to the rest of the neighbourhood. He looks formal and professional, while the rest of the residents look like simple down to earth people, who are just spending their day out on the streets. George’s clothing makes him look like he is in the wrong place, and it suggests that he is unwanted and unaccepted.

Most of the residents are of a different ethical background. While George has a light skin, most of the residents have a darker skin tone, and this also highlights how he is in the wrong place and that he is unwanted and unaccepted in this area.

Genres

What is a genre? What does it mean that genre are not static but evolve?

A genre are different categories in which texts like film, tv shows or magazines con be classified into. they can be for example action and adventure, horror, comedy, romance and many more. 

They serve as templates to directors as they provide an assumption about who the audience is going to be and allow them to understand how to market the film for a specific audience.

It also helps the audience understand what type of movie they are going to watch and what to expect from it.

A non static genre means that a genre is hybrid. This means that it has evolved, and different genres have mixed together in order to allow the audience to see a film with more engaging content.

Mona Lisa extract - notes

Mona Lisa video clip

Camera

Wide shot of the man walking in the park -shows his isolation

Mid  long shot of the man walking across the bridge - enhances his importance in the movie, suggests that he is going to be one of the main characters, and the audience is going to be more likely to sympathise with him. 

Tracking shot of the man walking across the bridge- allows the audience to feel more engaged, and as if they were there walking next to the man. it makes the audience feel part of the scene.

Behind the shoulder and point of view shot- when the man is talking to the lady, probably his wife. allows the audience to feel more engaged and part of the scene. it can make the audience feel more excited and makes them clearly see the characters reaction to the certain situations. in this case it allows them to see the anger that the women feels once she notices the man at the door.

Mise en scene

Low key lighting -when the man is walking on the bridge -sets a romantic mood and anticipates that this movie is going to have romantic.

Costumes are really effective- the man is wearing a light brown suit - suggests he is a middle class man, he is professional and it makes him look trustworthy and reliable.

the young girl is wearing a school uniform- makes the audience understand that she is still a student, making her look innocent and vulnerable.

Flowers - we can see that the man has bought a bunch of yellow flowers, and has them once he is about to knock on the door, suggests that he needs to apologise for something

man uses a loud tone - when he is talking to the lady and when he is fighting with the man- conveys his anger and adds excitement to the scene.

The use of fashion, olden days cars - for example the ones we See outside parked on the streets, allow us to understand that this film was set in the 80's. the way people dress also conveys this. for example we can see that most people are wearing jeans and baggy bomber jackets, which were in fashion in that period.

Sound

Non diagetic sound - slow paced soft music - when the man is walking across the bridge towards the city at the beginning of the extract- suggests that this is going to be a romantic style movie, makes the audience feel engaged and creates a sense of intimacy between the audience and the character.

Slow rhythm also suggests peace and makes the audience feel calm and at ease.

Diagetic sound dialogue between the woman and the man - when the woman tells the man to leave- shows that they have contrasting points of view, conveys that they have had a history and highlights that the woman wants nothing to do with the man, and wants him to stay away from here and his daughter.

Dialogue between the 2 man, when they are talking in the street and the man in blue asks the protagonist if he has read his book - highlights to the audience that they have known each other for a long time and it shows that they have a strong friendship. it also enhances the verisimilitude and makes the audience feel more engaged in the movie.

Editing

Shot reverse shot- when the young girl opens the door and the man doesn't know what to say. it shows the audience how the two characters have a connection, but it also creates a sense of awkwardness because the girl does not know who the man is. it establishes the sense of uneasiness that the man is feeling as he does not know what to say or how to react once he sees the young girl. it shows how he was not prepared to see her and it conveys to the audience that he is aware of something that the young girl is not aware of.

Long take shot when the man is waling in the field by himself- suggests that he is a lonely man, and conveys a sense of unhappiness. it also suggests that this is going to be a romantic movie

Editing quizz

Barthes' Hermeneutic Code (Enigma code)

Barthes' Hermeneutic code (Enigma Code) in "Dunkirk"

One enigma which is evident in Dunkirk is at the beginning of the movie, where Tommy  and a group of British soldiers are running away from the German army. They are all being shot at, and it is really difficult for them to run away. All of the people who are trying to escape from the German army die, apart from Tommy, who is able to jump over the fence and all the bullets which are aimed at him pass by without hitting him directly,while all the other soldiers are shot at. The enigma in this scene of Dunkirk is if Tommy  will be able to escape from the soldiers who are shooting at him, and if he will be able to run fast enough to find a safe place where he will be able to rest. The scene ends with Tommy being helped by some french soldiers, and being able to reach the beach, where he can wait for a ship which will be able to bring him back to London. The enigma is therefore resolved as he is able to get to safety and he is able to escape from the German army.

An other enigma found in this movie is if the three spitfires will have enough fuel to get to France, and if they will be able to survive  and get to safety once they encounter the German fighters. During this scene there are 3 pilots which are piloting their plane, and the leader is the first one to be shot down once they encounter the German army. This raises up the tension as the audience will question if the 2 other British pilots will be able to reach safety, knowing  that they are being shot at by the Germans, and that one of the pilots is running low in fuel. At the end of the movie only one of the pilots reaches land (Farrier), but the enigma is left unresolved, as he is immediately captured by the German army and held prisoner. We do not know if he is able to survive through the war and get to safety, or if they decide to kill him.

One last enigma which is present in this movie is if George will be able to survive, and get back home still alive. In this part of the movie George is on a boat with his friend peter, and they rescue a pilot which they find in the sea. The pilot finds out that the boys are heading to Dunkirk, so he becomes agitated and panics, demanding to head back to England. Peter then decides to lock him in one of the small rooms under the boat, and when the pilot is let out, he starts a fight to try and get control of the boat. he pushes George, who gets hit in the head quite badly. his head starts bleeding and we then find out he is loosing his sight. The enigma is resolved once peter and his dad rescue other soldiers from the oil, and one of them informs peter that George will not reach England alive, as he has died.

McDonald's advert

McDonalds Estate Advert - feat. 'Chilli Pepper' by Dusty Ohms & Craig Lobley

This advert begins with an establishing shot of an urban area. This is effective as it highlights how McDonald is appropriate for all people and everyone can afford it. This is further reinforced by the use of different soundtracks like the upbeat grime music at the beginning of the extract and the jazzy music when the old man is looking outside his balcony, while drinking his tea. The upbeat grime soundtrack which is playing when the group of friends are sitting on the benches outside is very effective as it highlights how McDonald is targeted for young people. The jazzy, older music shows that McDonald is also appropriate for elderly people, and so it is for everyone, young and old. People from different backgrounds are used throughout this clip. This can be seen for example as there is a group of young people who are from another background than the white old man, but they all have one thing in common and that is McDonald. This is highlighted for example at the end of this advert, when the old man and the group of young people are eating at McDonald and an over the shoulder shot is used. This is really effective as it establishes how both the older man and the young adult eat the chips in the same way, and this highlights how even if they have different interests and like different music, they both have one thing in common, and that is McDonald. This allows the audience to feel like McDonald is a place for everyone, where all people are accepted, no matter their ethnicity, age or background.

Throughout this advert, many closeup shots are used of the people eating juicy hamburgers at McDonald. This is effective as all actors are all smiling, and we can see this for example when the elderly man is about to eat his hamburger and he looks up and smiles at the young adult, who smiles back at him. It is effective as it can suggest that at McDonald there is a positive and enjoyable atmosphere that makes people happy. This is further reinforced by the lighthearted and upbeat soundtrack, which allows the audience to feel like McDonald is a place where they can sit down with friends, feel comfortable, happy and have fun, while eating a cheap but still really tasty meal. The fact that McDonald is a happy place where people can spend their free time in a positive and lighthearted atmosphere is also shown by the use of high key lighting. This can be seen for example in the McDonald shop, where the group of people are about to eat their hamburger. The use of high key lighting and bright colours like red and yellow is really effective, as they connote happiness, making the audience feel like if they enter the shop, they will feel welcomed and everyone will be friendly, making them feel upbeat and happy. They will feel like they are in a place where they can be stress free, a place where they have no problems to think about, and they can just enjoy their time.

I believe that this advert is really effective and it would still attract audiences today as there are many extreme close up shots of the food that the shop sells. They are really effective as they make the hamburgers and fries look really tasty and juicy. We can see this for example when the old man is looking at his hamburger and is about to take a bite from it. The extreme close up long shot used in this scene is really effective as it suggests that the food cooked and sold at McDonald is delicious, it makes the hamburger look really big, juicy and appealing to the audience, making them want to go and buy one for themselves immediately.
The use of the text on screen and voice-over at the end of the extract is also really effective as it establishes clearly the message that McDonald wants people to understand. It highlights to the audience that McDonald is for everyone. The yellow text used, which says "we all have McDonald in common" is suggests that McDonald is a place for everyone, young and old, male or female. The voice over which reads out the text on screen is really effective as it further reinforces this message by allowing the audience who are not looking at the screen or are not able to read quickly or effectively to understand clearly the message they want to convey.

summer assignment